![]() For instance, an obvious difference between dogs and humans is that dogs have a quadruped (four-legged) gait while humans have adopted a bipedal (two-legged) gait. Initially, the anatomy of humans and dogs may seem very different. This will provide veterinarians and physicians a perspective and incentive to share the combined translational knowledge. In this review we give an overview of the anatomy, etiology, development, diagnostics and treatment of HD in humans and dogs. While CHD and DDH show numerous similar characteristics, disease management is not always the same for both species. However, HD will eventually induce osteoarthritis (OA) resulting in pain ( 6, 13), lameness ( 14), and loss of limb function ( 6, 13), reducing quality of life. The body tries to counter the sequela of HD in both species by thickening and stiffening of the joint capsule ( 10– 12) in order to reduce the laxity ( 11, 12). This disturbed femuro-acetabular relationship causes abnormally high peak forces ( 1, 6, 10) with or without joint instability and (sub)luxation ( 2, 5, 9) resulting in osteoarthritic changes ( 2, 5, 9). In both species the acetabular cover of the femoral head is insufficient, either because the acetabulum ( 5, 9, 10) or the femoral head ( 5, 9, 10) is deformed, or joint laxity ( 2, 5) is present. There are similar characteristics for HD in humans and dogs. Therefore, future integration of knowledge and experiences for HD between dogs and humans could be beneficial for both species. Conservative treatment and surgical interventions such as femoral osteotomy, pelvic osteotomy and total hip arthroplasty are very similar between humans and dogs. Likewise, the treatment of HD shows many commonalities between humans and dogs. HD as an orthopedic condition has many common characteristics in terms of etiology and pathogenesis and most of the differences can be explained by the evolutionary differences between dogs and humans. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the anatomy, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and treatment of HD in humans and dogs. However, little literature exists comparing HD between the two species. Furthermore, dogs are the animals of choice for testing new treatments for human hip dysplasia and orthopedic surgery in general. This interconnection is because humans and dogs descended from a common ancestor and therefore have a similar anatomy at micro- and macroscopic levels. Hip dysplasia (HD) is common in both humans and dogs. 4Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.3Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.2Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.13D Lab, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.van der Wal 2 Harrie Weinans 2,4 * Björn P.
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